home >> CORPORATE STRUCTURES RESEARCH >> WHAT'S WRONG WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? >> References
1 European Commission Green Paper 'Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility ', 18/07/2000,
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/soc-dial/csr/
2 World Business Council on Sustainable Development, 'Corporate Social Responsibility: Making Good Business Sense', Jan 2000 www.wbcsd.org
3 SustainAbility website, About Us, www.sustainability.com/about/history.asp viewed 12/11/05
4 New Economics Foundation Ethical Pioneers project webpage, www.neweconomics.org/gen/ethicalpioneers.aspx?page=1078&folde; r=163&.aspx viewed
30/11/05
5 Junya Yimprasert, 'More than ten years on, more pressure is needed' in Asia Monitor Resource Centre, A Critical Guide to Corporate Codes of Conduct: Voices from
the South, AMRC, 2004, P93
6 Alice and John Tepper Marlin, 'A brief history of social reporting' Business Respect No 51 -09/03/03, www.mallenbaker.net/csr/nl/51.html
7 SustainAbility and WWF, 'Influencing Power:Reviewing the conduct and content of corporate lobbying', 2005 p4
8 Charles Holliday, Stephen Schmidheiny and Phillip Watts, Walking the Talk: the Business Case for Sustainable Development, Greenleaf, 2002, p 18
9 MallenBaker.net, marketplace www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles/Marketplace.html visited 02/02/06
10 Michael Regester, 'What price reputation?', Profile 50 , Chartered Institute of Public Relations, July/August 2005, p17
11 Gareth Chadwick, 'Profit with a conscience', Independent, 21/03/05
12 Daniel Litvin, 'Stealing the NGOs Thunder', Ethical Corporation, 15/10/03
13 US group Source Watch have produced research on the practice of setting up corporate front groups. Source Watch, 'How to Research Front Groups',
www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=How_to_research_front_grou ps visited 14/12/05
14 Joel Bakan's The Corporation (Joel Bakan, The Corporation The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power, Constable, 2004) draws heavily on the example of BP.
See also Platform's Carbon Web project www.carbonweb.org, and www.bpamoco.org.uk, a spoof website exposing BP's PR campaign.
15 Gareth Chadwick, 'Profit with a Conscience', The Independent 21/03/05
16 Justin Keeble and Charlotte Turner, 'The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility' Arthur D. Little Ltd and Business in the Community, December 2003, p5
17 SustainAbility, 'Gearing Up, from Corporate Responsibility to Good Governance and Scalable Solutions', 2004
18 See for example the Open Democracy, Corporations Power and Democracy Timeline, www.opendemocracy.com/debates/article-7- 29-1035.jsp
19 H. R. Bowen. Social Responsibilities of the Businessman. Harper&Row.; 1953 p xi
20 A Carroll, Corporate Social Responsibility, Evolution of a Definitional Construct. Business & Society, Vol. 38 No. 3, September 1999 268-295
21 Drucker, P. F. (1984). The new meaning of corporate social responsibility. California Management
Review, 26, 53-63. p62
22 Alice and John Tepper Marlin, 'A brief history of social reporting', Business Respect No 51 - 9 Mar 2003, www.mallenbaker.net/csr/nl/51.html
23 Shell 'Profit and Principles - Does there have to be a choice? The Shell Report 1998'
24 AccountAbility, 'Strategic challenges for business in the use of corporate responsibility codes, standards, and frameworks', October 2004 pp 16-19
25 (1) UNCTAD website, 'Background and activities of the Commission and the Centre on Transnational Corporations'
http://unctc.unctad.org/aspx/UNCTC%20from%201990%20to%201993.as px
26 Jem Bendell, 'Barricades to Boardrooms: A Contemporary History of the Corporate Accountability Movement', United Nations Research Institute for Social
Development, June 2004, p14
27 Ibid, p13
28 United Nations website Earth Summit pages, www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html last viewed 14/12/05
29 Kenny Bruno, 'The Corporate Capture of the Earth Summit', Multinational Monitor, vol 7, Jul/Aug 1992,
http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1992/07/mm0792_07.html
30 Ibid. See also Stephen Schmidheiny's account of the process, documented in Holliday et al. 2002, see note 8, p16
31 Kenny Bruno, 'The Corporate Capture of the Earth Summit', Multinational Monitor, http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1992/07/mm0792_07.html
32 See for example: Corporate Europe Observatory, 'High Time for UN to Break 'Partnership' with the ICC', 25/07/01 www.corporateeurope.org/un/icc.html viewed
22/12/05
33 A Jardine, '£20 million drive to fix Shell image', Marketing ,11/03/99
34 Brand Strategy 'Petroleum and Principles' 26/07/02
35 Shell, 'Profit and Principles - Does there have to be a choice? The Shell Report 1998', p9
36 Andrew Rowell, Green Backlash; Global Subversion of the Environment Movement, Routledge, 1996
37 Shell ''Profit and Principles - Does there have to be a choice? The Shell Report 1998'
38 Ibid p 46
39 A Rowell, J Marriott and L Stockman, The Next Gulf: London Washington and Oil Conflict in Nigeria, Constable, 2005 p123
40 Ibid. p128
41 C. Holliday et al. 2002, see note 8, p21
42 J. Bendell, 2004, see note 26, p15
43 Ibid, p16
44 For a short critique of Global Framework Agreements see Peter Utting, 'Regulating Business Via Multistakeholder Initiatives: A Preliminary Assessment', UNRSID,
2001, p32
45 International Organisation for Standardization website, 'ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 - in brief', www.iso.org/iso/en/iso9000- 14000/understand/inbrief.html, visited
02/02/06
46 Global Reporting Initiative, 'About GRI', www.globalreporting.org/about/brief.asp, visited 0202/06
47 Social Accountability International website, 'About SA8000', www.sa-intl.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId;=473, visited 02/02/06
48 AccountAbility website, 'AA1000 Series', www.accountability.org.uk/aa1000/default.asp visited 02/02/6
49 Global Compact website, 'What is the Global Compact?' www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/index.html visited 02/02/06
50 Kenny Bruno, 'The UN's Global Compact, Corporate Accountability and the Johannesburg Earth Summit', CorpWatch, 24/01/02
www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=1348
51 Deborah Doane, 'From Red Tape to Road Signs: Redefining regulation and its purpose', CORE Coalition, 2004, p8
52 J. Bakan, 2004, see note 14, p58
53 Corporate Responsibility Coalition website, 'Friends of the Earth takes chancellor to court over company reporting u-turn', www.corporateresponsibility.
org/C2B/PressOffice/display.asp?ID=22&Type;=2 viewed 02/02/06
54 Friends of the Earth International, 'Towards Binding Corporate Accountability', 05/10/01 www.foei.org/publications/corporates/accountability.html viewed
04/01/06
55 JohannesburgSummit.org website, 'Key Outcomes of the Summit', www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/summit_docs/2009_ keyoutcomes_commitments.
pdf, viewed 12/12/05
56 Christian Aid, 'A World Summit for Business Development?', 2002, www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/0208wssd/index.htm viewed 04/01/06
57 Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary – online , http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=67349&dict;=CALD viewed 12/12/05
58 Campbell Jones, Martin Parker, Rene ten Bos, For Business Ethics: A Critical Approach, Routledge, 2005
59 J.Bakan, 2004, see note 14, pp56-57
60 J. Bakan, 2004 see note 14, p34
61 Marjorie Kelly, 'Holy Grail Found: Absolute, positive, definitive proof CSR pays off financially', Business Ethics Volume 18 #4, Winter 2004
62 Andrew Pendleton, 'Behind the Mask: The Real Face of Corporate Social Responsibility', Christian Aid, January 2004
63 Toyota and Alcoa, along with BP, come top in the 'Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World' listings by Corporate Knights and Innovest Strategic Value
Advisors. www.global100.org
64 Susan deMuth, 'Power Driven', The Guardian, 29/11/03. For more information see www.savingiceland.org
65 With projected sales of 240,000 hybrids for 2006 (www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000101&sid;=aU1.fWe6Itu Y&refer;=japan), the Prius accounts for
less than 3% of the 9.06 million cars Toyota has predicted it will produce in 2006. (www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/20/business/toyota.php). In 2004, Toyota exported
over three times as many RAV4's, a model in its Sports Utility Vehicle range, as it did Priuses (Toyota, 'Toyota in the World Data book', March 2005,
www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/pdf2005/index.html, viewed 4/1/06).
66 AMRC, 2004 see note 5.
67 AMRC, 2004 see note 5, pp96-8
68 Bass, S., X. Font and L. Danielson, 'Standards and certification: A leap forward and a step back for sustainable development.' The Future is Now: Equity for a Small
Planet. International Institute for Environment and Development, London 2001
69 Triodos Bank website, 'ethex', www.triodos.co.uk/uk/personal_banking/your_investments/shares_an d_funds/?lang= visited 02/02/06
70 Grameen Bank website, 'About Grameen Bank' www.grameen- info.org/bank/index.html visited 02/02/06
71 Co-operative Bank website, 'Ethical Policy', www.co- operativebank.co.uk/servlet/Satellite?cid=1077524332960&pagename;=Co
opBank%2FPage%2FtplPageStandard&c;=Page visited 02/02/06
72 Friends Provident website, 'Stewardship', www.friendsprovident.com/common/layouts/subSectionLayout.jhtml ?pageId=sri/SitePageSimple%3AStewardship1#
visited 02/02/06
73 Universities Superannuation scheme website, 'Responsible Investment', www.usshq.co.uk/members_and_former_members_index.php?name
=ACTIVE_INVESTMENTS_SOCIALLY_RESPONSIBLE_INVESTME NT visited 02/02/06
74 Ed Mayo and Deborah Doane, 'An Ethical Door Policy; How to avoid the erosion of ethics in Socially Responsible Investment.', New Economics Foundation, April
2002, p9
75 Collin and Gilmore, ˜Corporate (Anti)Social (Ir)Responsibility: Transnational tobacco companies and the attempted subversion of global health policy™, Global
Social Policy 2 (3), December 2002, pp 354-360.
76 David Miller 'Unspinning the globe', Red Pepper, June 2003
77 Echo Research, 'CSR reaches top table of global business and political leaders' www.echoresearch.com/echo_zones/press_area/press_release/csr2_pr essrelease.
htm visited 16/6/05
78 D. Doane, 2004 see note 51, p4
79 Full details of the case of Nike vs Kasky can be found at www.reclaimdemocracy.org/nike/
80 Amici Curiae Brief in Support of Nike submitted to the US Supreme Court by Exxon Mobil, Bank of America, Microsoft, Monsanto and Pfizer, p3 available at
http://reclaimdemocracy.org/personhood/amicusexxon.pdf
81 Pers comm, through focus group session with NGO workers engaging in dialogue with companies. 19th May 2005
82 See: Corporate Watch 'Corporate Profile: Hill and Knowlton', 2002, www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?lid=377, Andrew Rowell, Green Backlash:Global Subversion
of the Environment Movement, Routledge, 1996, and John Stauber & Sheldon Rampton Toxic Sludge Is Good for You!: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations
Industry, Common Courage Press, 1995.
83 Stauber and Rampton, 1995, p66 see note 82
84 Echo Research, 'Financial Community Still Sceptical of CSR but British & South African Companies Show Way in New Global Report'
www.echoresearch.com/echo_zones/recent_press_releases.htm#CSR 3 visited 12/12/05
85 Mallen Baker, ‘The next five years of CSR - some predictions’ Business Respect 13, 2001. www.mallenbaker.net/csr/nl/13.html visited 12/12/05
86 Department for International Development, 'DFID and Corporate Social Responsibility, An Issues Paper', 09/03 p9
87 J. Bakan, 2004 see note 14, p110
88 Corporate Europe Observatory, 'High Time for UN to Break 'Partnership' with the ICC', 25/07/01, www.corporateeurope.org/un/icc.html viewed 22/12/05
89 ibid
90 Corporate Europe Observatory, 'Industry's Rio + 10 Strategy: Banking on Feel-good PR' CEO Quarterly Newsletter, Issue 10, 12/01
91 Corporate Europe Observatory, 'Shell Leads International Business Campaign Against UN Human Rights Norms', 03/00, www.corporateeurope.org/norms.html
92 Stefano Bertasi quoted in 'CSR Europe background note: United Nations Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Companies.' www.csreurope.org
viewed 04/01/06
93 Simon MacRae, 'Hidden Voices: The CBI, Corporate Lobbying and Sustainability', Friends of the Earth, 06/05
94 George Monbiot. 'A World Turned Upside Down', The Guardian 29/09/05
95 Ibid.
96 Cited in J. Bendell, 2004, see note 26, p37
97 Cited in J. Bendell, 2004, see note 26, p32
98 See box on carbon trading.
99 International Chemicals Secretariat, 'What we need from REACH: Views on the proposal for a new chemical legislation within the EU', Jan 2005
100 Bulldozing REACH - the industry offensive to crush EU chemicals regulation, Corporate Europe Observatory, March 2005, www.corporateeurope.org/lobbycracy/
BulldozingREACH.html
101 Unsurprisingly the chemical giants original stance was to push voluntary initiatives, with their High Production Volume (HPV) chemicals programme. This quickly
switched to a confrontational position as REACH proposals took shape.
102 Michael Heseltine Cited in D. Doane, 2004, see note 51, p2
103 Doane, 2004, see note 51, p4
104 New Economics Foundation Website, 'Market Failure', www.neweconomics.org/gen/trans_failure.aspx viewed 22/12/05
105 Cited in Carbon Trade Watch, 'Hoodwinked in the Hothouse: The G8, Climate Change and Free-market Environmentalism', TNI Briefing 3, 06/05
106 Special Address by Tony Blair to the World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Special+Address+by
+Tony+Blair,+Prime+Minister+of+the+United+Kingdom, viewed 4/1/05
107 David Victor, The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming, Princeton University Press, 2001 pp26-9
108 Larry Lohman, 'Marketing and Making Carbon Dumps: Commodification, Calculation and Counterfactuals in Climate Change Mitigation', Science as Culture Vol.
14, No. 3, 203–235, Routledge, September 2005
109 See: Larry Lohman, 'Democracy or Carbocracy? Intellectual Corruption and the Future of the Climate Debate' Corner House Briefing 23, Oct 2001 and Carbon
Trade Watch, 'Hoodwinked in the Hothouse: The G8, Climate Change and Free-market Environmentalism', TNI Briefing 3, June 2005
110 Cited in Daphne Wysham, 'Carbon: Under Kyoto, a Hot Commodity' Corp Watch, 18/02/05 www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=11893
111 Roger Cowe and Simon Williams, 'Who are the Ethical Consumers?' , Co-operative Bank, 2000
112 ibid
113 Cited in J. Bakan, 2004, see note 14, p135
114 Full information about the project is available at www.racetothetop.org.
115 Tom Fox and Bill Vorley, 'Stakeholder Accountability in the UK Supermarkets Sector: Final report of the 'Race to the Top' project', International Institute for
Environment and Development, Nov 2004
116 International Finance Corporation website, 'How to Apply for Financing' www.ifc.org/ifcext/proserv.nsf/Content/HowtoApplyforFinancing viewed 04/01/06
117 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Website, Environment and Safety, www.ebrd.com/enviro/index.htm viewed 04/01/06
118 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 'Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Regulation, UNRISD Research and Policy Brief 1',
19/03/04 p2-3
119 Cited in Seb Beloe, John Elkington, Kavita Prakash-Mani, Jodie Thorpe, Peter Zollinger, 'Gearing Up: From Corporate Responsibility to Good Governance and
Scalable Solutions' SustainAbiltiy, 2004 p18
120 SustainAbility, ibid p 4
121 Cited in D. Miller, 2003, see note 76
122 SustainAbility, See note 119, p 17
123 Ibid.
124 Sustainability website, 'Gearing Up', www.sustainability.com/insight/scalingup-article.asp?id=133 visited 04/01/06
125 The value of Anglo's provision of ARV drugs to its workforce is highly ambiguous. With an estimated 20% of the workforce HIV positive in Southern Africa, the
cost of AIDS to the company is very high in terms of losing staff, sick leave, widows™ benefits, retraining, recruitment and other costs. Royal Swazi Sugar Corporation
made the decision to provide ARV drugs on business grounds alone. (Innes Meek, 'The role of business in combatting AIDS in Africa' ,
CDC,www.cdcgroup.com/download/Whitehall%20&%20Westminster%20 World%20CDC%20article.pdf ). Plus the company gains a great deal of PR prestige from the
initiative. A great many people potentially live for longer with the disease with treatment, and treatment is clearly the urgent issue in combating the AIDS crisis. But is it
appropriate for Anglo to buy people's lives for the sake of having the ultimate PR trump card? Are these workers still treated when they have to leave the company?
Does the company refuse employment to those that are already HIV positive before they join? Providing treatment creates a position of dependency and potentially
exploitative power dynamics. If a company, rather than the State is in a better position to provide vital health care then there is a worrying trend towards greater unaccountable
corporate power.
126 John Ruggie cited in SustainAbility, 2004, see. Note 117, p18
127 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 'Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Regulation, UNRISD Research and Policy Brief 1',
19/03/04
128 Rachel Jupp, 'Getting Down To Business: An Agenda for Corporate Social Innovation', DEMOS, 2002
129 Corporate Watch has produced a commentary on the Commission for Africa and Business Action for Africa, see Corporate Watch , 'The Commission for Africa and
corporate involvement ' www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?lid=1535
130 Business Action for Africa Conference ,5th-6th July 2005, London, Conference Statement,
www.businessactionforafrica.org/english/documents/G8%20Business %20Summit.pdf viewed 4/1/06
131 Africa Economic Summit 2005, 03/06/2005, as reported by World Economic Forum website, 'African Economic Summit 2005', 13/06/05
www.weforum.org/site/knowledgenavigator.nsf/Content/_S14792?op en&event;_id= viewed 04/01/06
132 A. Pendelton, 2004, see note 62, p 14
133 Pers comm, through focus group session with NGO workers engaging in dialogue with companies. 19/05/05
134 R. D. Pagan Jr.,'The challenge to multinational marketing: A public relations response', in E. Denig, and A. van der Meiden, (eds.) A Geography of Public Relations
Trends, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1985
135 Jem Bendell, 'Civil Regulation - How Non-profits are Co-Regulating Business in a Global Economy', Non-Profit Quarterly, Volume 8, Issue 4, Winter 2001.
136 UNRSID
137 Cited in J. Bendell, 2004, see note 26, p20
138 Stauber and Rampton, 1995, see note p82
139 Peter Utting, Business Responsibility for Sustainable Development, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, January 2000
140 For more information see Corporate Watch, 'Not such a cuddly panda', http://archive.corporatewatch.org/news/notsuchacuddlypanda.htm and Corporate Watch
,'Panda-ing to the soya barons', www.corporatewatch.org/?lid=1873
141 Christian Aid website, 'Littlewoods Shuns Ethical Trade', 03/02/03, www.christian-aid.org.uk/news/media/pressrel/030203p.htm viewed 04/01/06
142 Alex Carey, Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia, University of New South Wales Press, 1995
143 SustainAbility, see note 119, p6
144 The title of Anita Roddick's autobiography.
145 Peter Foster, 'Heaven Can Wait', Financial Post, 02/07/05
146 Cited in Peter Foster, 'Heaven can wait', Financial Post, 02/07/05
147 See for example London Greenpeace, 'What's Wrong with the Body Shop – A criticism of Green Consumerism', 1998 www.mcspotlight.org/beyond/companies/
bs_ref.html viewed 6/1/06
148 Cited in J. Bakan, 2004, see note 14, p52
149 Ibid.
150 Anita and Gordon Roddick stepped down as Co-Chairs of the company in 2002 and now have non-executive positions on the board. The Body Shop International
website, 'Board of directors', www.thebodyshopinternational.com/web/tbsgl/about_people.jsp viewed 6/1/06
151 Cited in J. Bakan, 2004, see note 14, p53
152 Cafédirect Online Press Office, 'Cafédirect Achieves Its First Year Targets As Public Company', www.cafedirect.co.uk/pressoffice/release.builder/00035.html
viewed 20/03/06
153 Cited on BBC website, 'Global warming 'biggest threat' ', 09/01/04 , http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3381425.stm viewed 04/01/06
154 Ibid
155 Nick Davies, 'Cosy relationship keeps corporates happy but could cost £20bn in taxes' , The Guardian, 23/07/02
156 Ibid
157 Andrew Rowell, 'Corporations "Get Engaged" to the Environmental Movement', PR Watch Volume 8 No3, 2001
158 In the organisation's in-house magazine, NCH's corporate management group suggested that accepting funding did not imply an endorsement of BAE Systems
products. 'As you know,' the corporate management group pointed out, 'ethics is not an absolute science and modern society is complicated and highly interconnected'.
(NCH, Action for Children: The NCH Magazine, Issue 2, 2005). An NCH spokeswoman helpfully defended their decision to the Guardian saying , 'this was a proper
decision taken the proper way by proper people' (Rob Evans and Jamie Wilson, 'Children's charity staff angry at arms firm donation', The Guardian, 05/08/02).
159 See Corporate Watch, 'ASDA profile', 2004 www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?lid=800
160 UNITE, 'The Gap's Global Sweatshops: A report on the Gap in six countries', November 2002.
161 See Corporate Watch 'TESCO profile' 2004 www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?lid=252 and Corporate Watch, 'Off the Peg: Tesco and the garment industry in Asia'
June 2005, www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?lid=1825
162 Greenpeace CEO Stephen Tindale protests that the npower tie in in no way implies that they support the company's other products (Tobias Webb, The Guardian,
'Does it Pay to Get into Bed with Business?' 25/02/05). But bluster aside, to the outside observer the implication is that the company's activities are acceptable to
Greenpeace.
163 Gareth Chadwick, 'Profit with a conscience; corporate social responsibility is not only essential, it pays off', The Independent, 21/03/05
Download